Climate change :
The Kyoto protocol: The objective of this protocol, which dates from 1997, is to struggle against climatic changes with international actions of reductions of the emissions of certain gases with greenhouse effect responsible for climatic warming.
This protocol came into force on February 16th, 2005 thanks to Russian ratification and be ratified at this day by 156 countries with the notable exception of the United States.
Objective fixes a medium reduction of 5,2 % of these gases before 2012, the base year being 1990.
Climate always changed, according to cycles of 100000 years. What is new, it is the exponential acceleration of this change at instantaneous time with regard to time climatic (some decades). It is fairer to speak about deregulation of climate.
According to MICE (Modelling the Impact of Climates Extremes), Europe will know spaces of more and more well brought up and lasting hot season while the cold season will be reduced to weak scoop, Mediterranean perimeter will live on recurrent episodes of dryness which could even affect Northern Europe in summer.
To finish, winters will be more humid on the most part of the continent, multiplying risks of inundation and calamitous episodes as tempests.
All these seasonal changes will have of repercussions on human activities: farmers (touched by inundations, dryness with consequences to cultures), professionals of tourism (too well brought up temperatures in the south of Europe, less snow) but also the whole energy system (nuclear power stations, consumption of air-conditioners). All these modifications will generate additional costs of course.
The manager aspect:
Several studies confirm the fact that environmental initiatives are motivated first and foremost by regulation and juridical responsibility which is linked to it. But there are also other mailmen of pressure of commercial or economic nature: optimization of means, reduction of expenses, marketing advantage and reputation constitute real motivations for numbers of firms.
The requirement of reputation, a strong pressure:
The link between the performance of the firm and its reputation is difficult to measure. In effect, it is a question of measure impacts on the improvement of the notability of the firm and to establish correlations with the progress of economic results.
Responsible marketing:
That's true for equitable trade as for any approach of responsible trade: viability is possible only if the consumers understand and support permanently by preferring their products.
It is to say the importance of marketing which consists precisely in making sure that products are put on the market to allow them to meet the consumer.
Norms :
Efforts of normalization which manifest themselves for some years come rather from the firm outside: International Organizations, professional associations, agency of notation, ONG but also audit firm.
Used standard: norm ISO 14001: The International Trick (ISO) produces the dedicated series 14000 it support environmental management. The norm ISO 14001, published in 1996, is an international norm which applies to all types of organizations (undertaken industrial and of services) whatever are their sizes and their activities. The basic concept of norm ISO 14001 rests on the uninterrupted improvement of environmental performances, even if it does not establish requirements in level of performances
Environmental marking :
The realization of the importance of environmental problems had as consequences the proliferation of tabs, logos and various affirmations being aimed at informing the consumers of the environmental so-called qualities of numerous products.
To support the trust of the consumer for the indeed less damaging products for environment and to encourage efforts of firms in protection of environment, public authorities and organisms of normalization took measures to guarantee the respect for certain environmental requirements by products sporting these logos.
The Kyoto protocol: The objective of this protocol, which dates from 1997, is to struggle against climatic changes with international actions of reductions of the emissions of certain gases with greenhouse effect responsible for climatic warming.
This protocol came into force on February 16th, 2005 thanks to Russian ratification and be ratified at this day by 156 countries with the notable exception of the United States.
Objective fixes a medium reduction of 5,2 % of these gases before 2012, the base year being 1990.
Climate always changed, according to cycles of 100000 years. What is new, it is the exponential acceleration of this change at instantaneous time with regard to time climatic (some decades). It is fairer to speak about deregulation of climate.
According to MICE (Modelling the Impact of Climates Extremes), Europe will know spaces of more and more well brought up and lasting hot season while the cold season will be reduced to weak scoop, Mediterranean perimeter will live on recurrent episodes of dryness which could even affect Northern Europe in summer.
To finish, winters will be more humid on the most part of the continent, multiplying risks of inundation and calamitous episodes as tempests.
All these seasonal changes will have of repercussions on human activities: farmers (touched by inundations, dryness with consequences to cultures), professionals of tourism (too well brought up temperatures in the south of Europe, less snow) but also the whole energy system (nuclear power stations, consumption of air-conditioners). All these modifications will generate additional costs of course.
The manager aspect:
Several studies confirm the fact that environmental initiatives are motivated first and foremost by regulation and juridical responsibility which is linked to it. But there are also other mailmen of pressure of commercial or economic nature: optimization of means, reduction of expenses, marketing advantage and reputation constitute real motivations for numbers of firms.
The requirement of reputation, a strong pressure:
The link between the performance of the firm and its reputation is difficult to measure. In effect, it is a question of measure impacts on the improvement of the notability of the firm and to establish correlations with the progress of economic results.
Responsible marketing:
That's true for equitable trade as for any approach of responsible trade: viability is possible only if the consumers understand and support permanently by preferring their products.
It is to say the importance of marketing which consists precisely in making sure that products are put on the market to allow them to meet the consumer.
Norms :
Efforts of normalization which manifest themselves for some years come rather from the firm outside: International Organizations, professional associations, agency of notation, ONG but also audit firm.
Used standard: norm ISO 14001: The International Trick (ISO) produces the dedicated series 14000 it support environmental management. The norm ISO 14001, published in 1996, is an international norm which applies to all types of organizations (undertaken industrial and of services) whatever are their sizes and their activities. The basic concept of norm ISO 14001 rests on the uninterrupted improvement of environmental performances, even if it does not establish requirements in level of performances
Environmental marking :
The realization of the importance of environmental problems had as consequences the proliferation of tabs, logos and various affirmations being aimed at informing the consumers of the environmental so-called qualities of numerous products.
To support the trust of the consumer for the indeed less damaging products for environment and to encourage efforts of firms in protection of environment, public authorities and organisms of normalization took measures to guarantee the respect for certain environmental requirements by products sporting these logos.
